Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.     

芳香植物精油对竹子根际微生物种群的影响

竹林生态系统虽然比较稳定,但病原菌也较多,使用生物农药是竹林可持续发展的必然道路。许多芳香植物精油具有优良的抗菌活性,都有作为生物农药的潜力。但是竹林土壤微生物也可能受到精油抑菌性能的影响。本研究选取常见5种芳香植物精油香茅、肉桂、大蒜、生姜和茶树精油,对其化学成分进行鉴定并对毛竹实生盆栽苗的土壤进行处理,测定毛竹根际土壤微生物的细菌丰度和种群多样性。结果表明,5种精油会降低毛竹根际微生物的丰度和多样性,使变形菌门的细菌成为绝对优势菌群。对微生物的影响从大到小依次是香茅、生姜、茶树、肉桂和大蒜精油。     

不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,以Egypt1和津强7号为供试材料,研究不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响。试验设黑土、潮土2种土壤类型和不追肥、拔节期追氮肥、挑旗期追氮肥3种肥料处理,3次重复。结果表明: 在2种土壤条件下,小麦籽粒产量和各蛋白质组分产量表现为黑土>潮土,除球蛋白产量外,土壤处理间均差异显著。不同时期追施氮肥均显著提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。黑土和潮土配合追施氮肥都可以有效提高小麦籽粒产量,改善品质。     

Efficiency of wheat straw mulching in reducing soil and water losses from three typical soils of the Loess Plateau,China

Mulching the soil surface with a layer of plant residue is considered an effective method of conserving water and soil because it increases water infiltration into the soil, reduces surface runoff and the soil erosion, and reduces flow velocity and the sediment carrying capacity of overland flow. However, application of plant residues increases operational costs and so optimal levels of mulch in order to prevent soil and/or water losses should be used according to the soil type and rainfall and slope conditions. In this study, the effect of wheat straw mulch rate on the total runoff and total soil losses from 60-mm simulated rainstorms was assessed for two intensive rainfalls (90 and 180 mm h⁻¹) on three slope gradients typical conditions on the Loess Plateau of China and elsewhere. For short slopes (1 m), the optimal mulch rate to save water for a silt loam and a loam soil was 0.4 kg m⁻². However, for a clay loam soil the mulch rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² would be optimal only under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall; 0.8 kg m⁻² was required for the 180 mm h⁻¹. In order to save soil, a mulch rate of 0.2 kg m⁻² on the silt loam slopes prevented 60%–80% of the soil losses. For the loam soil, mulch at the rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² was essential in most cases in order to reduce soil losses substantially. For the clay loam, 0.4 kg m⁻² may be optimal under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rain, but 0.8 kg m⁻² may be required for the 180 mm h⁻¹ rainstorm. These optimal values would also need to be considered alongside other factors since the mulch may have value if used elsewhere. Hence doubling the optimal mulch rate for the silt loam soil from 0.2 kg m⁻² or the clay loam soil under 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall from 0.4 kg m⁻² in order to achieve a further 10% reduction in soil loss needs to be assessed in that context. Therefore, Optimal mulch rate can be an effective approach to virtually reduce costs or to maximize the area that can be treated. Meantime, soil conservationist should be aware that levels of mulch for short slopes might not be suitable for long slopes.     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

有机肥对酿酒葡萄土壤微生物、酶活性及产量的影响

为明确施用不同有机肥对土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物以及酿酒葡萄产量的影响,采用田间小区设计,以5 a生赤霞珠酿酒葡萄为试验材料,研究不同有机肥对土层0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm中土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物的影响。以不施用有机肥为对照(CK),设置沼渣(BR)、羊粪有机肥(SMOF)、牛粪有机肥(CMOF)、猪粪有机肥(PMOF)、牛粪+沼渣有机肥(CMOF+BR)5个处理进行大田试验。结果表明:不同有机肥施用后与CK相比,土壤有机质增加6.79%～44.97%,土壤微生物碳增加19.78%～91.53%,微生物氮增加2.22倍～3.93倍,碱性磷酸酶增加57.78%～512.55%,过氧化氢酶增加53.45%～240.48%,增产15.12%～46.89%。不同土层施用牛粪有机肥相对于其它有机肥处理土壤有机质含量增长8.49%～33.29%;土壤中微生物碳、氮的含量分别增加5.30%～42.46%和6.12%～49.65%;碱性磷酸酶增大8.01%～184.63%,过氧化氢酶增加5.14%～84.27%,脲酶提高25.58%～410.70%,蔗糖酶升高6.00%～107.65%;微生物总数增多5.99%～56.56%。施用牛粪有机肥相比较其它有机肥增产7.08%～27.60%。说明在宁夏地区施用有机肥可有效提高土壤有机质的含量,增加微生物的数量,增加土壤酶活性,促进酿酒葡萄的生长发育,提高产量,其中以牛粪效果最为显著。     

基于USLE模型的滹沱河上游黄土区土壤侵蚀空间特征研究

滹沱河是山西省面积较大的支流之一,研究滹沱河上游的土壤侵蚀对于建立山西省生态修复体系具有重要意义。以忻州市滹沱河上游为研究区,以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型数据、降雨数据、土壤类型数据为基础,利用GIS、RS技术,结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE)估算滹沱河上游流域的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明：（1）2015年滹沱河上游的土壤平均侵蚀模数为2538.9 t/(km ²·a),整体属于中等侵蚀水平。土壤侵蚀类型主要为微度侵蚀、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀;（2）随着高程海拔的升高,土壤侵蚀强度加大,土壤侵蚀面积减少,高程与土壤侵蚀强度呈正相关关系,与侵蚀面积呈负相关关系。剧烈侵蚀在各个高程带均有分布,在[500,1000)高程带中,微度侵蚀的面积范围最大;（3）研究区在0—5°带的土壤侵蚀面积分布最大;（4）牧草地的土壤侵蚀分布范围最广,其次分别为耕地>林地>园地>城镇村及工矿用地>水域及水利设施用地>其他土地。研究结论可为政府制定土壤侵蚀治理的技术方法、治理方案以及治理工程类型、规模及布局等提出科学依据。     

豚草粗提物对杨树水泡型溃疡病的抑菌作用研究

为解决豚草提取物在林业病虫害防治中的推广与应用问题,以豚草叶片为试验材料,采用温浸-超声波联合提取法提取抑菌活性物质,并开展其对杨树水泡型溃疡病病原菌的室内外抑菌试验。室内抑菌试验表明,粗提物浓度为16 mg/mL时,抑菌率达到73.62%;林间防治试验表明,最小抑菌浓度为 40 mg/mL,抑菌率达到95.14%。通过以上抑菌试验确定豚草粗提物对杨树水泡型溃疡病有较好的抑制效果。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致；随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

红茶菌的国内外研究现状

红茶菌是以糖茶水为主要原料,经微生物发酵后形成的一种功能性茶饮品。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和保健意识的增强,具有多种保健功效的红茶菌受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,其全球销售量也呈指数增长。本文重点梳理了红茶菌中的微生物组成及其共生关系,概括了原料、培养条件和菌种组成对红茶菌发酵的影响,并归纳了红茶菌在抗氧化、抑菌、护肝、提高免疫力和防癌抗癌方面的保健功能研究。红茶菌生产中,活性大分子的鉴定和形成机制、各菌种的益生效果、发酵罐水平的精准调控、产品稳定性提升等方面还需进行深入研究。另外,本文展望了红茶菌在多个领域的应用前景,以期为红茶菌工业化生产提供参考。